409A Valuations for Private Companies

409A Valuations For Private Companies

What Is a 409A Valuation?

Both public and private companies regularly offer deferred compensation to their employees in the form of stock options and retirement plans. The open market determines the value of stock options for public companies. But private companies whose shares aren't publicly traded must rely on different methods to price stock options.

409A valuations determine the fair market value (FMV) of private companies' common stock. Although a company may perform its own valuation, doing so puts itself and its shareholders at risk of severe tax penalties. Thus, businesses turn to independent appraisers for "safe harbor" 409A valuations, which the IRS presumes valid by default.

Safe Harbor Presumptions

The IRS grants safe harbor status to three distinct valuation methods. In the event of an audit, this status ensures that private companies need not defend their appraisal. Instead, the IRS must demonstrate safe harbor valuations to be "grossly unreasonable," a high burden of proof, before imposing penalties.

Safe Harbor via the Independent Appraisals Presumption

Hiring an independent appraisal company to conduct a 409A valuation is the easiest path to safe harbor and, therefore, the most common. Companies should look to reputable firms, like B. Riley, that rely on established valuation techniques to perform the appraisal.

It's essential to find a firm that's truly independent, as conflicts of interest can jeopardize the valuation's safe harbor status. Thus, companies should steer clear of appraisers with a vested interest in the valuation. If the IRS deems the valuation grossly unreasonable, penalties could double shareholders' tax obligations and consequently expose the company to litigation risks.

Safe Harbor via the Binding Formula Presumption

Companies that wish to keep appraisals in-house may still earn safe harbor by valuing their generally applicable repurchase formula. The company must use the same formula to value its stock for all binding agreements, both compensatory and non-compensatory.

Such formulas typically calculate value as a percentage of tangible benchmarks, commonly sales, net income, or EBITDA. Because the binding formula restricts companies from valuing their stock in other ways, most companies pursue alternative appraisal methods.

Safe Harbor via the Illiquid Start-up Presumption

The IRS provides start-ups with an additional valuation method that qualifies for safe harbor. The start-up must be reasonably certain that they will not file for an IPO within 180 days nor undergo a change in control within 90 days. Additionally, this presumption applies only to start-ups founded within 10 years of the valuation date.

If the company meets these criteria, any individual "with sufficient knowledge, experience, and skill in valuing illiquid stock of a start-up corporation" may conduct the appraisal. Such an individual may be an employee or a third party. Regardless of their employment status, they should have a minimum of five years of experience performing valuations or similar work.

How Often Do You Need a 409A Valuation?

409A valuations remain valid for 12 months. Thus, companies should plan on yearly appraisals if they plan to continue offering stock options. However, any material event that affects the worth of a company's stock invalidates previous valuations. Material events might include:

  • Securing a new round of qualified financing
  • Merger and acquisition offers
  • Changes to the business model or cash flow
  • Signing significant, long-term contracts
  • Tightened regulations
  • Substantially exceeding or missing financial projections
  • Considering an IPO

Safe harbor presumptions protect companies that value their stock options at or above their 409A valuation. As a result, it's more important to update valuations after material events that could negatively impact the appraisal.

409A Valuations vs. Venture Valuations

409A valuations determine the fair market value of common shares of stock. Venture capital valuations determine the value of the preferred shares. In most cases, VC valuations will be significantly higher than 409A valuations. This is, in part, because preferred stock receives higher dividends and greater repayment claims in event of bankruptcy.

Before Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code became law, the value of common shares was often set simply at 10-20% of the last preferred share valuation. Since then, appraisers have developed three widely accepted methodologies for conducting 409A valuations. These methods rely on the company's market, income, and/or assets to determine the fair market value of its common stock.

409A Valuation Methods

Different valuation methods can return dramatically different results. At B. Riley, we often combine these methodologies and employ more sophisticated models to ensure the accuracy of our appraisals. As a result, our reports have consistently proven audit-defensible when scrutinized.

The Market Approach

Also known as the options pricing model (OPM) backsolve approach, the market approach is commonly used to value early-stage businesses and those failing to turn a profit. It relies on the most recent round of financing and financial data from similar public companies to calculate the FMV of common shares.

The Asset Approach

Appraisers turn to the asset approach for early-stage companies that lack financing and revenue. Without a positive cash flow, this approach equates the value of a company with the new replacement cost of its assets.

The Income Approach

Revenue-generating companies are often valued via the income approach. The method appraises the value of a company as the difference between its assets and liabilities.

409A Valuation Requirements

Companies will need to provide all recent financial data when seeking 409A valuations to ensure accuracy. They also need to supply information regarding their business model. When seeking valuation services, companies should have current versions of the following data available:

  • Articles of incorporation
  • Cap table
  • Historical profit and loss statements
  • Debt projections
  • Estimated number of options to be granted
  • Examples of public competitors
  • Details about upcoming or recent material events
  • Marketing Deck

Secure a 409A Valuation Report for Your Company

B. Riley's experienced accounting team will provide your company with an exhaustive 409A valuation report that will stand up to the scrutiny of an auditor. Reach out to us today to get started.

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Antonio Pereira headshot

Antonio Pereira

Senior Managing Director

Angela Smith headshot

Angela Smith

Director

Brent King headshot

Brent King

Eric Lange headshot

Eric Lange

Senior Managing Director Strategic Growth

Adam Hurst headshot

Adam Hurst

Austin Bandoian headshot

Austin Bandoian

Contractor

Greg Eidson headshot

Greg Eidson

Managing Director

Tess Wolff headshot

Tess Wolff

Todd Beresin headshot

Todd Beresin

Senior Managing Director

Andy Moore headshot

Andy Moore

Chief Executive Officer

Jin Wang headshot

Jin Wang

Joseph Pegnia headshot

Joseph Pegnia

Jonathan Eargle headshot

Jonathan Eargle

Chuck Hastings headshot

Chuck Hastings

Chairman, B. Riley Wealth

Duane Lohn headshot

Duane Lohn

Senior Managing Director

Bryant Riley headshot

Bryant Riley

Co-Chief Executive Officer, B. Riley Financial

Tom Kelleher headshot

Tom Kelleher

Co-Chief Executive Officer, B. Riley Financial

Gary Olsen headshot

Gary Olsen

Senior Managing Director

Wayne P. Weitz headshot

Wayne P. Weitz

Senior Managing Director

Philip Zanone headshot

Philip Zanone

Chief Operating Officer, B. Riley Wealth

Marshall Glade headshot

Marshall Glade

Matt Barberich headshot

Matt Barberich

Janet Pritchard headshot

Janet Pritchard

Steven Braithwaite headshot

Steven Braithwaite

Kenny Otrakoun headshot

Kenny Otrakoun

Managing Director

Mark Jenkins headshot

Mark Jenkins

Steven Walker headshot

Steven Walker

Shevi Smith headshot

Shevi Smith

Seth R. Freeman headshot

Seth R. Freeman

Piotr Luc headshot

Piotr Luc

Nancy Colah headshot

Nancy Colah

Michael Thatcher headshot

Michael Thatcher

Michael Proctor headshot

Michael Proctor

Senior Associate

Michael Fuqua headshot

Michael Fuqua

Steve Bonnema headshot

Steve Bonnema

Corey Gooch headshot

Corey Gooch

Jennifer Posten headshot

Jennifer Posten

Joel Murovitz headshot

Joel Murovitz

Jonathan Vukanovich headshot

Jonathan Vukanovich

Jonathan Wernick headshot

Jonathan Wernick

Dan Shribman headshot

Dan Shribman

Chief Investment Officer, B. Riley Financial

Phil Ahn headshot

Phil Ahn

Chief Financial Officer & Chief Operating Officer, B. Riley Financial

Alan Forman headshot

Alan Forman

Executive Vice President & General Counsel, B. Riley Financial

Karyn Kalita headshot

Karyn Kalita

Kelley Gastineau headshot

Kelley Gastineau

Jen Arnett headshot

Jen Arnett

Chief Marketing Officer

Joseph Aber headshot

Joseph Aber

Judah Dominguez headshot

Judah Dominguez

Laura Clemente headshot

Laura Clemente

Irene Byela headshot

Irene Byela

Michael Markunas headshot

Michael Markunas

Deputy General Counsel & Chief Compliance Officer

Gaston Mauvezin headshot

Gaston Mauvezin

Senior Managing Director

Tom Buck headshot

Tom Buck

Senior Managing Director

Eric Lee headshot

Eric Lee

Marc Spizzirri headshot

Marc Spizzirri

Senior Managing Director

Wen Tan headshot

Wen Tan

Howard Weitzman headshot

Howard Weitzman

Chief Accounting Officer

Aaron Goodwin, CISSP, CCISO headshot

Aaron Goodwin, CISSP, CCISO

Chief Information Security Officer

Jennifer Copeland headshot

Jennifer Copeland

Tim Wood headshot

Tim Wood

Chief Information Officer

Nancy Feeney headshot

Nancy Feeney

Chief Human Resources Officer

Michael Biener headshot

Michael Biener

Deputy Chief Information Officer

Gary Chase headshot

Gary Chase

Co-Chief Operating Officer, B. Riley Corporate Services

Bernadette Lombardo headshot

Bernadette Lombardo

Susan M. Smith headshot

Susan M. Smith

Bill Hughes headshot

Bill Hughes

Chris Meadors headshot

Chris Meadors

Clay Busker headshot

Clay Busker

Craig Jacobson headshot

Craig Jacobson

Cyrus Sharp headshot

Cyrus Sharp

Teresa Licamara headshot

Teresa Licamara

Todd Sims headshot

Todd Sims

President, B. Riley Venture Capital

Coral Hansen headshot

Coral Hansen

David Greenblatt headshot

David Greenblatt

Greg Coppola headshot

Greg Coppola

Senior Managing Director

William Buckley headshot

William Buckley

Managing Director

Steve Gilmer headshot

Steve Gilmer

Kelly Graham headshot

Kelly Graham

Victoria Piccirillo headshot

Victoria Piccirillo

Co-Chair

Dana Coffaro headshot

Dana Coffaro

Secretary

Jimmy Baker headshot

Jimmy Baker

President & Head of Capital Markets

Perry Mandarino headshot

Perry Mandarino

Head of Restructuring

Craig Ellis headshot

Craig Ellis

Director of Research

Ananth Veluppillai headshot

Ananth Veluppillai

Chief Operating Officer, B. Riley Principal Investments

Nick Capuano headshot

Nick Capuano

Chief Investment Officer

Mike Crawford headshot

Mike Crawford

Head of the Discovery Group

Dawn Farrell headshot

Dawn Farrell

Chief Administrative Officer

Mike McCoy headshot

Mike McCoy

Chief Financial Officer

Knut Grevle headshot

Knut Grevle

Head of Equity Trading

Dan Ondeck headshot

Dan Ondeck

Head of East Coast Sales

Eric Rajewski headshot

Eric Rajewski

Head of Institutional Sales

William E. Cook, ASA headshot

William E. Cook, ASA

Stephanie Hindsman headshot

Stephanie Hindsman

Business Accounting Supervisor

Ryan Lutz headshot

Ryan Lutz

Director

Jeffrey R. Truitt headshot

Jeffrey R. Truitt

Senior Managing Director

Dan Kraft headshot

Dan Kraft

Managing Director

Benjamin Kehler headshot

Benjamin Kehler

John Sordillo headshot

John Sordillo

Senior Managing Director

Eric Mazur headshot

Eric Mazur

Senior Digital Investigations Consultant

Phu Nguyen headshot

Phu Nguyen

Wayne Wilson headshot

Wayne Wilson

Senior Managing Director

Becky Yang O'Malley headshot

Becky Yang O'Malley

Meredith Alfred headshot

Meredith Alfred

Director

Jasdev Singh headshot

Jasdev Singh

Erik Seiersen headshot

Erik Seiersen

Dan Shribman headshot

Dan Shribman

Brian Keith headshot

Brian Keith

Director, Data Analytics

Jennifer Hardcastle

Jennifer Hardcastle, CFP

Sub-Committee Chair

Nicolas Chandler headshot

Nicolas Chandler

Emily Eisenhauer Freling

Emily Eisenhauer Freling, CDFA

Sub-Committee Chair

Benjamin Cartoon headshot

Benjamin Cartoon

Associate Director

Michael Mullen headshot

Michael Mullen

Chief Executive Officer, B. Riley Wealth

Mary Swain headshot

Mary Swain

Chief Financial Officer, B. Riley Wealth

Thomas Kowalczyk headshot

Thomas Kowalczyk

EVP, Head of Investment Solutions

Marcus Arneaud headshot

Marcus Arneaud

Chief Compliance Officer & Managing Director, B. Riley Wealth

Dan Ortega headshot

Dan Ortega

Chief Supervisory Officer, B. Riley Wealth

Eli Cattan headshot

Eli Cattan

Michael Brill headshot

Michael Brill

Senior Managing Director

Bryant Yu headshot

Bryant Yu

Managing Director

Clay Bryan headshot

Clay Bryan

Senior Managing Director, Financial Sponsors Group

Kate Kelly headshot

Kate Kelly

Chief Talent Officer

Martin J. Burke headshot

Martin J. Burke

Managing Director

Michael Del Pero headshot

Michael Del Pero

Senior Managing Director

Nishen Radia headshot

Nishen Radia

Senior Managing Director, Head of M&A

Robert Woolway headshot

Robert Woolway

Senior Managing Director

Teri Kendall headshot

Teri Kendall

Director

Thomas Mills headshot

Thomas Mills

Senior Managing Director

John DeSena headshot

John DeSena

Co-Chief Operating Officer, Corporate Services

Becky Popoff headshot

Becky Popoff

Director

a close-up of a woman smiling

Jaimie Barry

Vice President, Corporate Access

a man wearing glasses and a suit

Thomas McGlynn

Director

a man in a white shirt

Joseph Puliafico

Director

a woman smiling for the camera

Joy Subsomboon

Deputy Chief Compliance Officer

a man smiling for the camera

John Cogan

Managing Director, Head of Control Room

a man wearing a tie

Chris Munck

Managing Director

a man with blonde hair

David Hill

Senior Managing Director

a man in a suit

Timothy Paisley

Managing Director

a man with blonde hair

Ryan Aceto

Deputy Head of Equity Capital Markets

a woman with long hair

Teri Kendall

Senior Vice President

Andy Moore headshot

Andy Moore

Chief Executive Officer, B. Riley Securities

Jimmy Baker headshot

Jimmy Baker

President & Head of Capital Markets, B. Riley Securities

Michael Markunas headshot

Michael Markunas

General Counsel & Chief Compliance Officer, B. Riley Wealth Management; Deputy General Counsel & Chief Compliance Officer, B. Riley Securities

Jaimie Barry headshot

Jaimie Barry

Vice President, Corporate Access

Natalie Bend headshot

Natalie Bend

Vice President

Igor Belov headshot

Igor Belov

Director

Brian Taylor headshot

Brian Taylor

Managing Director

Chad Ritchie headshot

Chad Ritchie

Managing Director

Craig Krinbring headshot

Craig Krinbring

Managing Director

Matt Feinberg headshot

Matt Feinberg

Senior Managing Director

Ernie Dahlman headshot

Ernie Dahlman

Managing Director

Michael Cavanagh headshot

Michael Cavanagh

Managing Director

Chris Ankley headshot

Chris Ankley

Managing Director

Seth Appel headshot

Seth Appel

Senior Managing Director

Jonathan Mitchell headshot

Jonathan Mitchell

Senior Managing Director

Greg Presson headshot

Greg Presson

Senior Managing Director

Matt Spain headshot

Matt Spain

Senior Managing Director

Scott Ammaturo headshot

Scott Ammaturo

Managing Director, Head of ATM Trading

Michael Lowell headshot

Michael Lowell

Senior Managing Director

Alex Rygiel headshot

Alex Rygiel

Associate Director of Research

Mayank Mamtani headshot

Mayank Mamtani

Senior Managing Director, Group Head of Healthcare

Lucas Pipes headshot

Lucas Pipes

Managing Director

David Bain headshot

David Bain

Managing Director

Liam Burke headshot

Liam Burke

Managing Director

Matt Howlett headshot

Matt Howlett

Senior Research Analyst

Dave Kang headshot

Dave Kang

Senior Research Analyst

Bryce Rowe headshot

Bryce Rowe

Senior Research Analyst

Jeff Van Sinderen headshot

Jeff Van Sinderen

Senior Research Analyst

Eric Wold headshot

Eric Wold

Senior Research Analyst

Min Cho headshot

Min Cho

Research Analyst

Zach Cummins headshot

Zach Cummins

Research Analyst

Josh Nichols headshot

Josh Nichols

Research Analyst

Kalpit Patel headshot

Kalpit Patel

Senior Research Analyst

Yuan Zhi headshot

Yuan Zhi

Senior Research Analyst

Matthew Key headshot

Matthew Key

Research Analyst

Ryan Pfingst headshot

Ryan Pfingst

Research Analyst

Alexandra Shaffer headshot

Alexandra Shaffer

Director

Jake Reimer headshot

Jake Reimer

Vice President

John Matthews headshot

John Matthews

Vice President

Grayson Largman headshot

Grayson Largman

Vice President

Jesus Bueno headshot

Jesus Bueno

Vice President

Ryan Aceto headshot

Ryan Aceto

Deputy Head of Equity Capital Markets

Melissa Woodson headshot

Melissa Woodson

Managing Director

Gideon Rosenbaum headshot

Gideon Rosenbaum

Director

Keith Pompliano headshot

Keith Pompliano

Director

Kathy Innis headshot

Kathy Innis

Director

Patrick Hanniford headshot

Patrick Hanniford

Managing Director

Thomas McGlynn headshot

Thomas McGlynn

Director

Joe Nardini headshot

Joe Nardini

Senior Managing Director, Head of Investment Banking

Randy Binner headshot

Randy Binner

Managing Director

Walker Hays, CRPS®, CPFA® headshot

Walker Hays, CRPS®, CPFA®

Managing Director, Investments

Amy Koch, CRPS®, CPFA® headshot

Amy Koch, CRPS®, CPFA®

Vice President, Investments

Alex Snyder, CRPS® headshot

Alex Snyder, CRPS®

Financial Advisor

Martin W. Padilla headshot

Martin W. Padilla

Managing Director, Investments

Mike McCall, RICP® headshot

Mike McCall, RICP®

Managing Director, Investments

Steven Crouch, AAMS® headshot

Steven Crouch, AAMS®

Senior Vice President, Investments

James Baroutas C(k)P® headshot

James Baroutas C(k)P®

Managing Director, Investments

Richard A. Wright, CFA® headshot

Richard A. Wright, CFA®

Managing Director, Investments | Senior Portfolio Manager

Timothy White headshot

Timothy White

Managing Director, Investments | Branch Manager

Ryan McGehee headshot

Ryan McGehee

Daniel Lewis headshot

Daniel Lewis

Director

Dominic Riley headshot

Dominic Riley

Vice President

Colin Welch headshot

Colin Welch

Vice President

Alex Wolodzko headshot

Alex Wolodzko

Vice President

Sahil Kazmi headshot

Sahil Kazmi

Research Analyst

Larry Kanter headshot

Larry Kanter

Senior Managing Director

Thomas Scotti headshot

Thomas Scotti

Managing Director
Field Examination Services

Ed Sanz headshot

Ed Sanz

Mike Kain headshot

Mike Kain

Hal Goetsch headshot

Hal Goetsch

Senior Research Analyst

Anna Glaessgen headshot

Anna Glaessgen

Senior Research Analyst

Naved Khan headshot

Naved Khan

Managing Director

Michael Kapp headshot

Michael Kapp

Senior Vice President

John Stack headshot

John Stack

Senior Managing Director

Robert Arnold

Senior Managing Director

Nick Glennon headshot

Nick Glennon

Senior Vice President

Kimberly Figenbaum, CFP®, CRPC® headshot

Kimberly Figenbaum, CFP®, CRPC®

Senior Vice President, Investments
Financial Advisor

Adriana Piltz headshot

Adriana Piltz

Rodney Crawford headshot

Rodney Crawford

Senior Managing Director

Daniel Agauas headshot

Daniel Agauas

Bill Crandall headshot

Bill Crandall

John Zalecki headshot

John Zalecki

Lisa Zelinski headshot

Lisa Zelinski

Cody Reinhold headshot

Cody Reinhold

Robert Winiarski headshot

Robert Winiarski

Senior Managing Director

Rachel Huduck headshot

Rachel Huduck

Senior Associate

Lance Beck headshot

Lance Beck

Spencer Willden headshot

Spencer Willden

Trey Engle headshot

Trey Engle

Vice President

Grant Webster headshot

Grant Webster

Sergio Negreira, CPA, CFF, JD headshot

Sergio Negreira, CPA, CFF, JD

Senior Managing Director

Ian Brenner headshot

Ian Brenner

Senior Managing Director

Charlene Bergman headshot

Charlene Bergman

Managing Director & Partner

Alistair Ross headshot

Alistair Ross

Senior Vice President & Partner

Griffin Boss

Research Analyst

Sandi Flantzer headshot

Sandi Flantzer

Michael Devitt

Managing Director

John Massocca

Senior Research Analyst

Scott Boehler headshot

Scott Boehler

Director

Ry Neri

Director

Drew Gamble headshot

Drew Gamble

Engagement Manager

Adam Brown headshot

Adam Brown

Senior Managing Director

Alijah Pecina headshot

Alijah Pecina

Business Development Consultant

William Wood headshot

William Wood

Research Analyst

Steve Bonnema headshot

Steve Bonnema

Principal Operations Officer

Kyle Bauser, PhD headshot

Kyle Bauser, PhD

Managing Director

Tyler Chang headshot

Tyler Chang

Lauren Randolph headshot

Lauren Randolph

Associate Director

Adam Udell headshot

Adam Udell

Managing Director

Lauren Marteney headshot

Lauren Marteney

Randy Lemer headshot

Randy Lemer

Managing Director

Robert Mroz headshot

Robert Mroz

Managing Director

Max Ratner headshot

Max Ratner

Senior Consultant

Chris Sullivan headshot

Chris Sullivan

Senior Managing Director, Co-Leader of Construction Consulting

Lisa Heard headshot

Lisa Heard

Senior Managing Director, Co-Leader of Construction Consulting

Pat Pilouk

Director

Robert headshot

Robert

Losier

Gary Lifman

SMD and President, B. Riley Farber Advisory

Allan Nackan

SMD & VP, B. Riley Farber Advisory

Hylton Levy

Senior Managing Director

Ryan Adlington

Senior Managing Director

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Richard Williams

Managing Director

Michael Shenk headshot

Michael Shenk

Senior Managing Director

Jean-Alfred Rocourt headshot

Jean-Alfred Rocourt

Associate Director

Dennis R. Rodriguez headshot

Dennis R. Rodriguez

Managing Director

Benjamin Rozsa Groo headshot

Benjamin Rozsa Groo

Associate

Nick Giles headshot

Nick Giles

Research Analyst

Brendon Philipps headshot

Brendon Philipps

Managing Director

Mohamed Hashim headshot

Mohamed Hashim

Associate

Landan Ansell headshot

Landan Ansell

Director

Andy Ackel headshot

Andy Ackel

Managing Director

Marty O'Doherty headshot

Marty O'Doherty

Partner, Private Equity and Industrial Sector

Jennifer Benjamin headshot

Jennifer Benjamin

Senior Managing Director

Joyce Suen headshot

Joyce Suen

Director